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Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace 

DIVISION  OF  INTERCOURSE  AND  EDUCATION 

Publication    No.  6 


GROWTH  OF  INTERNATIONALISM  IN  JAPAN 

Report  to  the  Trustees  of  the  Endowment 

BY 
T.    MIYAOKA 

SPECIAL  CORRESPONDENT  OF  THE   DIVISION 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  ENDOWMENT 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

1915 


85580 


3   6073*    -7337 


Preface 

In  the  report  which  Mr.  Miyaoka  has  submitted  on  his  work  as  special 
correspondent  at  Tokio  since  he  entered  upon  his  duties  on  January  1,  1912,  there 
is  ample  evidence  of  the  practical  value  which  attaches  to  the  carefully  arranged 
visits  of  such  distinguished  Americans  as  have  recently  gone  to  Japan  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Division  of  Intercourse  and  Education  of  the  Carnegie  Endow- 
ment for  International  Peace.  Mr.  Miyaoka  makes  it  plain  that  Americans  like 
Dr.  Eliot,  Mr.  Mabie,  and  others,  who  are  suitably  presented  to  the  Government 
and  people  of  Japan  and  whose  coming  is  carefully  arranged  for,  have  accom- 
plished and  can  accomplish  much  that  is  of  real  and  practical  value  for  the  develop- 
ment of  a  sentiment  in  favor  of  international  peace  and  the  judicial  settlement  of 
international  differences.  The  foundation  of  that  respect  which  one  civilized 
nation  should  have  for  another  is  laid  in  the  knowledge,  and  therefore  in  the 
appreciation,  which  the  people  of  one  nation  have  of  another.  This  knowledge 
is  not  something  to  be  gained  from  books  alone,  or  from  those  casual  acquaint- 
anceships which  are  the  usual  and  frequent  accompaniment  of  trade  and  com- 
merce.  It  must  come  rather  from  a  genuine  interpenetration  of  the  thought  and 
civilization  of  one  people  by  the  thought  and  civilization  of  another.  This  inter- 
penetration  is,  perhaps,  most  easily  and  effectively  accomplished  by  the  interna- 
tional visits  of  eminent  men  whose  personality  and  repute  at  home  give  them  quite 
as  much  weight,  and  perhaps  more,  in  the  country  which  they  visit  than  do  their 
spoken  words  while  there. 

Mr.  Miyaoka  has  devoted  himself  with  singular  fidelity  and  unselfishness  to 
a  task  which  has  not  been  easy  and  in  which  he  has  been  granted  but  little  repose. 
The  Division  of  Intercourse  and  Education  feels  under  peculiar  obligation  to  him 
for  the  frequency  and  the  accuracy  of  his  reports  and  communications,  as  well 
as  for  all  the  personal  service  that  he  has  so  generously  rendered  to  Americans 
who  have  gone  to  Japan  with  letters  of  introduction  to  him. 

NICHOLAS  MURRAY  BUTLER, 

Acting  Director. 
April  8,  1915. 


GROWTH   OF  INTERNATIONALISM  IN   JAPAN 

Report  of  Mr.  Miyaoka 


To  THE  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT 

FOR  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE  : 

My  appointment  as  the  Special  Correspondent  at  Tokio  of  the  Division  of 
Intercourse  and  Education  was  decided  upon  at  your  annual  meeting  of  Decem- 
ber 14,  1911,  and  took  effect  from  January  1,  1912. 

Since  then  I  have  kept  myself  fairly  busy  sending  reports  from  time  to  time 
to  the  acting  Director  of  the  Division  of  Intercourse  and  Education  on  those 
current  events  that  appeared  to  me  to  be  worthy  of  his  attention  as  well  as  that  of 
your  Executive  Committee.  On  two  occasions,  November  1,  1912,  and  October 
24,  1913,  in  pursuance  of  the  standing  instructions  of  Dr.  Nicholas  Murray 
Butler,  I  addressed  him  the  so-called  annual  reports.  These  reports  were  intended 
as  a  sort  of  a  mental  balance  sheet  in  which  the  manifestations  of  the  activities 
of  your  Endowment  in  this  country  were  summed  up  in  what  the  French  would 
call  coup  d'ceil. 

A  report  prepared  with  such  an  end  in  view  has  its  uses,  but  is  neces- 
sarily too  dry  to  be  an  object  of  interesting  perusal.  Early  in  1914  the  annual 
report  of  my  colleague  of  Berlin,  Professor  Dr.  Wilhelm  Paszkowski,  written 
for  the  year  1913,  was  published  by  the  Endowment  as  Publication  No.  2.  The 
learned  Professor  with  his  true  literary  instinct  has  freely  gone  beyond  the 
borders  of  the  activities  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace, 
and  has  presented  us  with  a  splendid  bird's  eye  view  of  the  unfolding  in  Germany 
in  1913  of  that  great  human  movement  which  Dr.  Butler  in  his  opening  address 
at  Lake  Mohonk  Conference  on  May  22,  1907,  aptly  termed  "Internationalism." 

Dr.  Hamilton  Wright  Mabie  on  delivering  a  discourse  in  the  George  Dana 
Boardman  Lectureship  in  Christian  Ethics,  before  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania on  March  12,  1914,  adopted  as  the  title  of  his  lecture  the  significant  words 
"Ethics  and  the  Larger  Neighborhood."  The  "Larger  Neighborhood"  of  Mabie 
is  identical  with  the  "Internationalism"  of  Butler.  It  is  the  rise  of  human 
conscience  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  plane.  Human  conscience  starting  from  the 
narrow  confines  of  self-interest  or  the  welfare  of  a  family  has  grown  upwards 
through  successive  stages  and  is  attaining  a  higher  and  higher  level.  Primeval 
man  cared  for  nothing  but  his  own  interest.  His  sense  of  interest  grew.  He 


Z  CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE 

learned  to  care  for  and  look  after  the  welfare  of  his  family  and  the  community. 
The  love  of  community  grew  into  patriotism,  and  mankind  is  now  on  the  threshold 
of  discovering  the  truth  that  his  welfare  as  well  as  the  welfare  of  his  country 
can  not  be  promoted  without  safeguarding  the  interest  of  the  world.  The  awak- 
ening of  the  human  conscience  to  this  broader  horizon  is  the  awakening  of  what 
Dr.  Butler  calls  "the  International  Mind." 

The  growth  of  "Internationalism"  can  be  traced  in  a  way  through  a  series 
of  dates  on  which  some  of  the  important  international  conventions  were  signed. 
The  Declaration  of  Paris  to  regulate  some  of  the  points  of  maritime  law  was 
signed  on  April  16,  1856.  The  year  1864  marks  the  conclusion  of  the  Geneva 
Convention  of  the  Red.  Cross.  The  metric  convention  was  signed  on  May  20,  1875 ; 
the  International  Telegraphic  convention  on  July  22,  1875 ;  the  International  con- 
vention for  the  Protection  of  Industrial  Property  in  March,  1883;  the  Interna- 
tional convention  for  the  Protection  of  Marine  Cables  in  1884;  the  International 
convention  for  the  Protection  of  Literary  and  Artistic  Property  in  1886.  It  is 
unnecessary  to  go  through  these  dates  any  farther.  The  international  compacts 
which  grew  out  of  the  First  and  the  Second  Peace  Conferences  at  The  Hague, 
are  matters  of  common  knowledge.  Dr.  Butler  was  undoubtedly  right  when 
in  1907  he  declared  that  "Unless  all  signs  fail,  we  are  entering  upon  a  period 
which  may  be  described  fittingly  as  one  of  internationalism."  The  great  Euro- 
pean or  rather  the  World's  War  which  has  been  raging  since  August  1,  1914, 
does  not  in  any  way  detract  from  the  truth  of  this  assertion.  On  the  contrary, 
we  have  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  chains  of  Internationalism  are  being 
forged  in  a  volcanic  furnace  of  gigantic  dimensions.  When  the  war  is  over, 
no  matter  which  side  wins  or  whether  or  not  it  ends  in  a  drawn  battle,  the 
final  outcome  of  it  all  will  be  that  humanity  will  emerge  from  this  terrible 
experience  with  a  stronger  consciousness  of  the  solidarity  of  human  interests. 
Humanity  will  find  that  this  war,  instead  of  retarding,  has  accelerated  by  centu- 
ries the  growth  of  real  internationalism. 

The  object  of  my  present  report  is  to  present  to  the  Trustees  of  the  Carnegie 
Endowment  a  summary  of  the  growth  of  internationalism  in  Japan  since  June  30, 
1913,  the  date  on  which  my  account  of  events  closed  in  the  report  submitted 
October  24,  1913.  For  the  reasons  already  referred  to,  however,  an  annual 
report  which  strictly  commences  on  July  1,  1913,  and  terminates  either  on 
June  30  or  December  31,  1914,  would  be  found  to  be  unsatisfactory.  It  would 
lack  the  necessary  historic  background. 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot,  President  Emeritus  of  Harvard  University,  had  visited 
Japan  and  returned  to  America.  The  result  of  his  journey  to  this  part  of  the  world 
was  his  report  entitled  Some  Roads  Towards  Peace,  published  by  the  Endow- 
ment. Dr.  Hamilton  Wright  Mabie  came  and  returned.  He  had  not  only  given 
us  a  better  insight  into  American  ideals,  character  and  life,  but  made  a  permanent 


GROWTH  OF  INTERNATIONALISM  IN  JAPAN  3 

contribution  to  the  culture  of  English  speaking  races  by  publishing  his  lectures 
delivered  in  Japan,  and  by  his  interpretation  of  this  country,  past,  present  and 
future.  Indeed,  Japanese  culture,  ethics  and  faith  have  taken  this  gentle  observer 
into  their  confidence,  for  in  Dr.  Mabie's  writings  the  spirit  of  Japan  moves. 

Dr.  Francis  G.  Peabody  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  came  and  added  a 
great  stimulus  to  the  work  of  the  Association  Concordia.  Hon.  William  D.  B. 
Ainey,  member  of  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives,  on  his  way  to 
the  meeting  of  the  Interparliamentary  Union  at  Stockholm  last  summer,  stopped 
over  in  this  country  and  contributed  his  share  toward  the  better  understanding 
of  America  in  Japan.  Dr.  Shailer  Mathews,  Professor  of  Theology  in  the 
University  of  Chicago  and  the  President  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches  in 
America,  is  now  visiting  Japan  together  with  Dr.  Sydney  L.  Gulick,  Professor  in 
the  Doshisha  University  of  Kyoto,  giving  to  the  people  of  this  country  a  splendid 
interpretation  of  America,  her  problems  and  aspirations.  So  similarly  a  number 
of  important  visits  from  this  country  to  the  United  States  have  taken  place; 
but  what  do  all  the  activities  of  these  men  mean  in  the  perspective  of  time? 
It  would  be  interesting  in  a  way  to  follow  President  Eliot,  Dr.  Mabie,  Dr. 
Peabody,  Mr.  Ainey,  Dr.  Mathews  or  Dr.  Gulick  on  their  journeys  and  into  the 
universities,  the  public  lecture  halls,  clubs,  and  official  banquets;  but  no  conclu- 
sions can  be  drawn  from  their  activities  unless  we  place  them  properly  on  the 
chess-board  of  time.  The  internationalism  of  Japan  as  it  develops  can  be  traced 
in  the  acts  of  the  Government,  in  the  social  development  of  the  country  and  of 
her  people  abroad,  in  the  acts  of  individuals  at  home  and  of  those  sojourning  in 
foreign  countries.  However,  in  an  attempt  to  go  into  the  details  of  the  forests, 
ravines  and  dales,  the  general  topography  of  the  country  would  be  lost  sight  of. 
Whatever  I  may  write  for  annual  reports  in  future  years,  it  seems  to  me  that  I 
can  not  do  better  in  this  instance  than  to  present  a  synthetic  survey  of  the 
manner  in  which  the  insular  spirit  has  given  way  to  internationalism  in  this 
country. 

The  Japanese  people  were  not  originally  of  the  insular  disposition  of  mind. 
Japanese  ships  were  freely  engaged  in  transmaritime  commerce  three  centuries 
ago.  It  was  the  government  of  the  Tokugawa  Shoguns  that  adopted  the  policy 
of  seclusion  for  reasons  of  domestic  politics.  That  this  policy  was  not  in  har- 
mony with  the  genius  of  the  people  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  men  like  the  late 
Prince  Ito,  the  then  plain  Ito  Shunsuke,  or  the  Marquis  Inouye,  the  then  plain 
Inouye  Bunta,  and  a  number  of  others,  took  passage  to  Europe  on  sailing  ves- 
sels as  ordinary  seamen,  in  violation  of  the  laws  of  the  time,  which  prescribed 
capital  punishment  for  those  who  went  out  of  the  realm  without  the  permission 
of  the  Government.  This  revolt  against  the  policy  of  self-sufficiency  at  home 
is  not  merely  characteristic  of  the  few  great  men  who  appeared  at  the  time. 
The  spirit  of  adventure,  hardihood  and  philosophic  acceptance  of  the  chances 


CARNEGIE    ENDOWMENT    FOR    INTERNATIONAL    PEACE 

of  life,  is  a  part  of  the  Japanese  character  high  and  low.  A  sportive  Englishman 
traveling  on  the  shores  of  the  Inland  Sea  of  Japan  once  asked  a  fisherman's 
boy  whether  the  latter  ever  went  to  Kobe  in  the  little  boat  he  was  sailing. 
The  fellow  affirmed  that  he  had  tried  it  once.  On  the  Englishman  observing 
that  the  boat  would  not  stand  a  squall,  the  boy  proudly  replied  that  the  boat 
of  course  capsized,  but  then  he  did  not  mind  as  he  would  set  it  right  again  and 
jump  in. 

A  sea-faring  people  made  of  such  stuff  can  not  be  bottled  up  in  a  few  scat- 
tered islands.  Internationalism  is  a  part  of  their  inborn  nature.  After  some 
two  hundred  and  fifty  years  of  enforced  seclusion,  the  spirit  of  free  intercourse 
and  expansion  came  to  re-assert  itself,  in  spite  of  the  policies  of  the  Govern- 
ment. When  the  late  Emperor  Meiji,  upon  accession  to  the  throne  in  1868, 
took  an  oath  consisting  of  five  articles,  one  of  which  was  that  "wisdom  shall  be 
sought  in  all  parts  of  the  world,"  he  only  gave  Imperial  sanction  to  the  spirit 
of  the  times.  The  modern  internationalism  of  Japan  was  not  a  new  seed  sown 
in  a  soil  where  it  did  not  exist  before.  It  was  simply  the  revival  of  the  spirit 
which  the  rigor  of  feudal  militarism  had  in  vain  attempted  to  smother. 

The  political  international  relations  of  modern  Japan  were  inaugurated  when 
the  Treaty  of  Peace  and  Amity  between  Japan  and  the  United  States  was  signed 
at  Kanagawa  by  Matthew  Calbraith  Perry  with  the  representatives  of  the  Toku- 
gawa  Government  on  March  31,  1854.  Prior  to  that  date,  the  Dutch  had  an 
arrangement  with  Japan,  under  which  they  were  permitted  to  trade  at  Dejima, 
Nagasaki ;  but  that  fact  in  itself  did  not  pave  the  way  to  the  opening  of  Japan's 
diplomatic  and  commercial  intercourse  with  other  nations  of  the  world. 

In  the  beginning  of  Japan's  foreign  intercourse,  the  points  of  contact  be- 
tween Japanese  people  and  foreign  nations  were  first  business  relations  between 
merchants  of  the  respective  countries,  and  between  the  diplomatic  and  consular 
officers  of  the  Powers  and  the  officials  of  the  Japanese  Government.  There  was 
none  of  that  social  intercourse  which  is  characteristic  of  diplomatic  life  in  all  the 
capitals  of  the  world. 

Until  about  1880  the  Japanese  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs  did  not  entertain 
foreign  diplomatic  representatives  in  a  social  way,  and  he  was  seldom  a  guest 
of  honor  at  foreign  legations.  It  took  many  years  before  other  members  of 
the  cabinet  thought  of  entertaining  foreign  representatives  or  were  asked  to  dine 
with  them.  Until  well  toward  the  close  of  the  nineteenth  century,  social  inter- 
course on  any  elegant  scale  between  the  leaders  of  Japanese  social  life,  other 
than  those  connected  with  the  Government  and  the  representatives  of  foreign 
Governments,  was  almost  unheard  of. 

There  have  Deen  some  associations  of  foreigners  interested  in  Japanese 
affairs  which  were  formed  in  the  early  days  of  Japan's  foreign  relations,  such 
as  the  Asiatic  Society,  established  about  1874,  which  included  the  scholarly 


GROWTH    OF    INTERNATIONALISM    IN    JAPAN  5 

element  of  resident  foreigners,  and  the  American  Asiatic  Association  of  Yoko- 
hama and  Kobe,  which  is  a  society  of  American  business  men.  The  Asiatic 
Society  included  some  Japanese  members,  but  they  were  extremely  few. 

In  1895  the  Japan  Society  was  formed  in  London  for  the  social  intercourse 
of  Japanese  and  Britishers  and  for  the  better  understanding  of  Japan's  history, 
institutions,  literature,  customs,  and  affairs  generally  on  the  part  of  the  people 
of  Great  Britain.  In  1907  its  Japanese  counterpart,  called  the  British  Society, 
was  organized  in  Tokio  for  the  social  intercourse  between  Englishmen  and 
Japanese,  and  for  the  better  understanding  of  Great  Britain,  her  people  and 
Empire,  on  the  part  of  the  Japanese  people.  With  a  similar  object  in  view,  the 
Japan  Society  of  New  York  was  founded  in  1907,  while  its  counterpart  in  Tokio, 
the  Advisory  Council  of  the  Japan  Society  of  New  York,  was  organized  in  1910. 
It  contains  on  its  membership  roll  practically  the  names  of  all  the  prominent 
officials  of  important  banks,  shipping  interests,  insurance  companies  and  the 
largest  exporters  and  importers, — in  a  word,  representatives  of  all  the  important 
business  interests  of  Tokio. 

In  the  meantime,  in  some  cases  even  antedating  the  formation  of  the  Japan 
Society  in  London,  there  have  been  established  in  Tokio  the  Deutsche  Gesell- 
schaft,  the  America's  Friends  Association,  the  Japan-French  Society,  the  Japan- 
Russian  Society,  the  Italian  Society,  and  in  Brussels  the  Japan-Belgian  Society, 
the  objects  in  each  case  being  akin  to  those  of  the  Japan  Society  of  London  and 
of  New  York.  Many  of  them  have  the  privilege  of  carrying  on  the  membership 
roll  the  names  of  one  or  another  of  the  Princes  of  Imperial  blood  as  patrons  or 
honorary  presidents.  The  Ambassadors  or  Envoys  of  the  countries  concerned 
or  the  Japanese  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs,  are  elected  as  presidents.  Among 
the  members  are  found  not  only  the  civil  officials  of  the  Government  and  the 
officers  of  the  Army  and  the  Navy,  but  professors,  bankers,  editors  of  important 
papers  and  periodicals,  and  business  men  in  all  the  pursuits  of  life.  In  fact, 
men  of  consequence  and  of  ideas  freely  mingle  in  these  associations  and  are 
brought  into  close  touch  with  the  foreign  residents  of  the  particular  nationality 
whose  interest  the  respective  societies  seek  to  promote.  Today  a  dinner  given  by 
the  American  Ambassador  in  Tokio  in  honor  of  President  Eliot,  Dr.  Mabie, 
Representative  Ainey  or  Dr.  Mathews,  would  not  be  complete  unless  the  list  of 
invited  guests  included,  besides  the  officials  of  the  Government,  the  representa- 
tives of  the  banking  and  commercial  interests  and  men  prominent  for  their  scien- 
tific researches  or  other  scholarly  attainments.  This  phenomenon  is  partly  ac- 
counted for  by  the  fact  that  in  old  Japan  society  was  piled  up  in  tiers,  as  dolls 
are  arranged  at  girls'  festivals  on  March  3,  so  fittingly  described  by  Dr.  Mabie 
in  his  Japan  Today  and  Tomorrow.  There  were  the  Emperor  and  the  Em- 
press at  the  top  with  the  members  of  the  Imperial  family  just  below  them.  Next 
came  the  Ministers  of  State,  the  court  dignitaries  and  other  officials  of  the  Gov- 


6  CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE 

ernment,  the  Daimios  and  their  retainers,  followed  by  the  yeomen  farmers,  the 
peasants,  the  mechanics  and  artisans,  and  last  of  all,  the  merchants.  Today  some 
of  the  best  talents  and  the  broadest  minds  of  the  Empire  go  into  mercantile 
or  professional  pursuits,  and  this  obsolete  artificial  I'ordre  de  preseance  is  no 
longer  a  just  criterion  of  the  social  order.  There  was  a  time  in  Japan  when 
presidents  of  great  banks  or  the  proprietors  of  great  commercial  houses  had  to 
be  placed  at  a  dinner  table  next  after  the  lieutenants  in  the  Army  or  the  Navy, 
as  is  still  the  custom  in  some  of  the  ultra-militaristic  countries  of  Europe.  Today 
this  has  been  completely  changed  in  Japan.  Such  a  monstrous  notion  would 
no  longer  be  tolerated.  The  social  center  of  gravity  no  longer  resides  where 
high  sounding  titles  are  carried,  but  rests  where  there  is  the  real  social  dynamic 
force.  As  stated,  the  change  of  the  list  of  the  dinner  guests  at  Embassies  and 
official  residences  of  the  Ministers  of  State  is  partly  explained  by  the  social 
evolution  which  has  been  quietly  going  on  in  this  country  since  1868.  On  the 
other  hand,  this  social  democratization  of  Japan  has  brought  about  a  complete 
change  in  the  international  relations  of  the  Japanese  people.  Here  is  to  be  found 
the  key  to  the  growth  of  real  internationalism  in  Japan. 

In  the  beginning  international  relations  were  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the 
Government  officials,  and  people  outside  Government  circles  had  nothing  to  do 
with  them,  either  politically  or  socially.  Today,  while  the  political  adjustment 
of  international  affairs  is  intrusted  to  the  properly  constituted  diplomatic  service, 
the  press  and  the  people  are  active  social  forces,  molding  the  international  rela- 
tions of  Japan.  Herein  lies  the  real  danger  of  the  future  development  of  such 
questions  as  the  one  that  is  known  as  the  "Japanese-American  question"  in  this 
country  and  the  "Japanese  question"  in  America.  The  trained  diplomats  with 
their  official  restraint,  and  the  political  leaders  commanding  a  broad  vision  of  the 
trend  of  human  affairs,  do  not  form  any  element  of  danger;  but  the  press  may 
under  given  conditions  become  unmanageable.  The  force  that  shapes  the  future 
course  of  events  is  the  people.  The  development  of  real  internationalism  in 
Japan  at  this  critical  period  in  the  history  of  her  international  relations  augurs 
well  for  the  prosperity  of  the  Empire  and  the  peace  of  the  Pacific. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  take  a  brief  retrospect  of  the  course  of  events  in 
what  is  commonly  known  as  the  American-Japanese  question.  By  a  curious 
coincidence  an  earthquake  of  a  degree  of  violence  unknown  in  the  history  of 
California  visited  San  Francisco  and  other  cities  of  the  Pacific  coast  line  in  the 
summer  of  1906,  and  at  the  same  time  gave  a  humiliating  shock  to  the  amour 
propre  of  the  Japanese  people.  The  latter  event  would  have  happened  anyhow 
in  the  natural  sequence  of  the  development  of  human  history ;  but  the  part  which 
that  earthquake  played  in  the  unfolding  of  the  real  difficulty  involved  was  most 
curious.  By  that  earthquake  the  public  school  houses  of  the  city  of  San  Fran- 
cisco were  demolished.  Some  arrangements  had  to  be  provided  for  the  recep- 


GROWTH  OF  INTERNATIONALISM  IN  JAPAN  7 

tion  of  school  children,  before  their  education  could  be  resumed.  In  this  con- 
fusion of  affairs  the  labor  element  of  the  city  succeeded  in  inviting  the  attention 
alike  of  the  Federal  Government  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  Imperial 
Government  of  Japan  to  the  undesirability  of  permitting  immigration  of  wage 
earners  from  Japan  into  the  United  States.  They  started  an  agitation  for  the 
segregation  of  Japanese  school  children  in  San  Francisco.  The  school  board 
resolved  that  no  Japanese  children  of  school  age  should  be  permitted  to  attend 
the  public  schools  with  the  children  of  American  parents  and  of  other  nationali- 
ties, but  that  they  should  be  taught  in  a  separate  school  house.  Apart  from  the 
practical  inconvenience  attaching  to  such  an  arrangement,  for  instance,  as  the 
distance  to  the  proposed  school  house,  the  stigma  of  inferiority  inseparable 
from  the  idea  of  segregation  was  bitterly  resented  by  the  Japanese  people  at 
home.  As  a  way  toward  the  solution  of  the  delicate  question  thus  raised,  the 
Governments  of  the  United  States  and  of  Japan,  by  friendly  negotiations  sought 
to  solve  the  labor  question  which  was  at  the  bottom  of  the  school  agitation.  The 
negotiations  were  characterized  on  both  sides  with  admirable  frankness  and  the 
utmost  cordiality,  and  bore  fruit  in  1908  in  the  so-called  "Gentleman's  Agree- 
ment," whereby  the  Imperial  Government  of  Japan,  without  reducing  its  words 
to  so  much  as  a  "scrap  of  paper,"  undertook  to  prohibit  absolutely  the  emigra- 
tion of  Japanese  laborers  to  the  United  States.  This  arrangement  proved  to  be 
entirely  satisfactory  to  the  Federal  Government,  since  the  number  of  Japanese 
laborers  in  the  United  States  steadily  decreased,  as  none  but  those  who 
had  been  in  the  United  States  before  and  were  returning  to  the  home  of  their 
adoption,  were  provided  by  the  Imperial  Government  with  the  passports  which 
alone  entitled  them  to  admission  to  the  United  States.  Nevertheless,  the  propa- 
ganda of  the  "inevitable  conflict  in  arms  of  Japan  with  the  United  States  for 
the  supremacy  of  the  Pacific,"  was  started  in  1908  and  has  been  continued  with 
more  or  less  success  ever  since.  I  say  "success,"  not  because  events  are  drawing 
the  two  nations  toward  an  "inevitable  conflict,"  but  because  the  propaganda  has 
at  times  unfavorably  affected  the  commerce  between  the  two  countries,  and  has 
taken  hold  of  the  minds  of  the  thinking  people,  particularly  in  Japan,  not  indeed 
as  a  practical  problem  of  the  future,  but  as  an  agitation  pregnant  with  the 
elements  of  danger. 

In  the  summer  of  1909  the  business  men  of  Japan,  who  until  that  time  had 
never  played  any  part  in  international  affairs,  suddenly  became  conscious  of 
their  responsibilities  as  the  representatives  of  the  industrial  and  commercial 
activities  of  the  nation.  The  bankers,  the  representatives  of  shipping  interests, 
the  exporters,  the  importers,  and  other  men  prominent  in  the  commercial  circles 
of  Japan,  including  a  well  known  pedagogist,  organized  themselves  into  a  body, 
called  with  the  acquiescence  of  the  Imperial  Government,  the  Honorary  Com- 
mercial Commissioners  of  Japan.  With  the  active  cooperation  of  the  Associated 


8  CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR  INTERNATIONAL   PEACE 

Chambers  of  Commerce  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  they  started  on  a  tour  through  the 
United  States  which  lasted  from  August  to  December,  1909.  Their  object  was 
to  impress  upon  the  people  of  the  United  States  the  fact  never  questioned  in  this 
country,  that  Japan  had  no  thirst  for  war  and  no  ambition  for  territorial  expan- 
sion, but  that  the  outlet  for  the  product  of  her  industries  and  the  field  of  useful 
employment  for  her  surplus  population  were  all  that  Japan  sought  in  foreign 
countries. 

The  selection  of  Dr.  Inazo  Nitobe  as  Japanese  lecturer  to  some  of  the 
American  universities  in  1911,  was  decided  upon  by  the  business  men  of  Japan 
as  a  sort  of  a  corollary  to  the  movement  which  they  themselves  had  undertaken 
two  years  before. 

By  a  happy  coincidence  the  munificent  gift  for  an  Endowment  for  Inter- 
national Peace  was  made  by  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie  on  December  14,  1910,  and 
the  by-laws  of  the  Trustees  were  adopted  on  March  9,  1911.  When  Dr. 
Nitobe  was  selected  for  the  purpose  in  the  summer  of  1911,  the  Division  of 
Intercourse  and  Education  was  ready  to  receive  him,  not  indeed  as  the  host  in 
behalf  of  American  universities,  but  as  an  organization  to  which  the  lecturer 
from  Japan  could  properly  be  accredited.  The  character  of  the  party  which 
had  sent  the  professor  to  America  was  at  first  obscured  by  the  fact  that  Dr. 
Nitobe  was  a  Government  official,  and  as  such  was  commanded  by  his  Government 
to  make  a  tour  round  the  world.  The  party  that  stood  face  to  face  with  the 
Carnegie  Endowment,  in  the  matter  of  the  exchange  of  professors  every  alternate 
year,  was  not  the  Japanese  Government  but  the  Advisory  Council  of  the  Japan 
Society  of  New  York,  which  included  practically  all  the  representative  business 
interests  of  Tokio. 

In  the  winter  of  1911-1912,  while  Professor  Nitobe  was  being  admired  as  a 
living  specimen  of  Japanese  culture,  and  his  illuminating  addresses  on  Japan 
were  listened  to  with  profound  attention  in  the  universities,  in  clubs,  and  in  other 
social  centers,  his  American  counterparts  were  also  visiting  us.  For  in  that 
winter  we  had  the  visits  of  Mr.  Lindsay  Russell,  member  of  the  New  York  bar  and 
the  President  of  the  Japan  Society  of  New  York;  Mr.  Hamilton  Holt,  the 
managing  editor  of  The  Independent,  New  York;  President  David  Starr  Jordan, 
of  the  Leland  Stanford  University,  and  Dr.  John  Wesley  Hill  of  the  Peace 
Forum  of  New  York,  all  of  whom  were  feted  and  conveyed  the  message  of  good 
fellowship  from  American  citizens  to  the  representatives  of  all  the  different 
branches  of  our  national  activity,  including  the  officials  of  the  Government,  the 
educators,  the  financiers,  the  merchants  and  the  manufacturers. 

My  appointment  as  the  special  correspondent  of  the  Division  of  Intercourse 
and  Education  of  the  Endowment  took  effect  from  January  1,  1912,  so  that  it  fell 
to  my  lot  to  arrange  for  the  reception  of  Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot,  President  Emer- 
itus of  Harvard,  from  June  to  July,  1912,  and  of  Dr.  Hamilton  Wright  Mabie 
from  December,  1912,  to  May,  1913. 


GROWTH  OF  INTERNATIONALISM  IN  JAPAN 

The  results  of  the  remarkable  observations  made  by  President  Eliot  in 
China  and  Japan  are  embodied  in  his  report  which  was  later  widely  circulated 
by  the  Endowment. 

Dr.  Mabie  delivered  a  series  of  most  illuminating  addresses  on  the  American 
ideals,  character  and  life.  He  spoke  in  our  universities  and  colleges,  in  social 
and  art  clubs,  in  scientific  and  bankers  associations,  in  chambers  of  commerce,  and 
charmed  those  who  met  him  with  fascinating  post-prandial  speeches.  Altogether 
he  spent  a  half  year  in  Japan  with  his  delightful  family ;  and  the  high  standard  of 
scholarship  which  invariably  distinguished  his  speeches  may  now  be  gauged  by 
anybody,  as  those  lectures  were  published  in  New  York  in  book  form  in  1913. 
Nor  were  these  lectures,  excellent  as  they  were,  the  whole  of  the  contribution 
he  made  to  the  better  Japanese  understanding  of  America,  her  ideals  and  institu- 
tions. He  represented  in  himself  what  was  the  highest  in  American  culture, 
while  his  charming  wife  and  daughter  gave  to  our  women  a  proper  notion  of  what 
American  womanhood  means.  As  Dr.  Mabie  in  his  lectures  ably  demonstrated, 
the  social  and  political  institutions  of  America  have  the  unfortunate  effect  of 
permitting  the  vulgar  element  to  assert  itself  with  an  unnecessary  emphasis  which 
eclipses  what  is  best  in  American  culture.  The  Division  of  Intercourse  and 
Education  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  having  a  long  panel  from  which  to  select 
exchange  professors  to  Japan  of  that  high  standard  of  scholarship,  ethical 
value  and  esthetic  taste  with  which  we  were  privileged  to  come  into  contact  in 
the  person  of  Dr.  Mabie. 

Nor  is  this  all.  When  the  series  of  his  wonderful  articles  on  Japan  began 
to  appear  in  The  Outlook  in  1913,  and  was  continued  in  1914,  those  of  the  Jap- 
anese people  who  were  able  to  appreciate  good  English  literature  wondered 
whether  Dr.  Mabie  was  not  an  even  better  exchange  professor  from  Japan  to 
America  than  from  America  to  Japan.  Here  was  the  miracle  of  the  genius  of  the 
Japanese  people  confiding  its  secrets  to  an  American  who  had  lived  less  than  six 
months  altogether  in  this  country.  The  severe  simplicity  of  Shintoism,  the  gor- 
geous splendor  of  Buddhist  temples,  the  effect  of  the  vastness  of  space  within 
limited  areas  so  characteristic  of  Japanese  gardening,  have  all  spoken  to  Dr. 
Mabie  what  they  meant.  His  interpretation  of  Japan  obtained  through  such 
contact  has  just  appeared  in  New  York  again  in  the  book  entitled  Japan  Today 
and  Tomorrow. 

Visits  to  Japan  of  such  a  man  repeated  every  alternate  year  must  have  a 
tremendous  effect  in  the  molding  of  the  sentiments  of  the  two  peoples  toward 
each  other. 

Dr.  Francis  G.  Peabody,  Professor  of  Theology  in  Harvard  University, 
visited  Japan  in  1913,  accompanied  by  his  lamented  wife  and  his  daughter, 
and  spent  the  months  of  April  and  May  among  us,  giving  us  opportunity  to 
form  some  estimate  of  the  ethical  culture  of  America.  As  American  life  is 


10  CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE 

projected  on  the  minds  of  the  peoples  of  foreign  lands,  particularly  in  countries 
like  Japan,  the  pursuit  of  material  wealth  overshadows  every  other  form  of  its 
activity.  Visits  of  men  like  Eliot,  Mabie  and  Peabody  are,  therefore,  of  incal- 
culable value  in  enabling  us  to  form  a  fairer  estimate  of  American  civilization. 

Later  in  the  year,  Rev.  J.  T.  Sunderland  visited  this  country  as  Billings 
Lecturer  to  Japan,  China  and  India  for  the  year  1913-1914.  Dr.  Peabody  and 
Dr.  Sunderland  gave  stimulus  to  the  work  of  the  Association  Concordia,  an 
association  organized  in  Japan  in  1912,  for  the  purpose  of  the  better  under- 
standing among  men  of  different  creeds  and  different  ethical  ideas.  What  Inter- 
national Conciliation  seeks  to  do  among  peoples  of  different  nations,  the  Asso- 
ciation Concordia  of  Japan  aims  to  accomplish  among  men  divided  not  according 
to  nationalities  but  according  to  faith.  It  has  been  erroneously  represented  that 
this  was  an  association  seeking  to  establish  a  universal  religion  among  men;  its 
purpose  was  merely  to  bring  about  a  better  understanding  and  deeper  sympathy 
among  the  peoples  of  different  religious  faiths,  agnostics,  and  men  of  all  ethical 
conceptions. 

There  have  been  in  course  of  the  same  year  the  visits  of  Mr.  George  W. 
Wickersham,  Attorney  General  of  the  United  States  in  President  Taft's  adminis- 
tration, and  Dr.  William  R.  Shepherd,  Professor  of  History  in  Columbia  Uni- 
versity. They  traveled  only  in  their  private  capacities,  without  official  mission 
of  any  kind ;  but  as  such  men  necessarily  come  into  contact  with  their  compeers, 
the  effect  of  their  sojourn,  however  brief,  was  peculiarly  felicitous.  For  ex- 
ample, it  was  my  privilege  to  introduce  Mr.  Wickersham  to  the  Chief  Justice 
of  the  Court  of  Cassation,  as  well  as  to  the  Attorney  General  of  the  Empire. 
The  visits  paid  to  the  Japanese  law  courts  by  the  distinguished  American  jurist 
in  company  with  the  highest  representatives  of  the  Japanese  judiciary,  have 
borne  fruit  in  the  very  fair  description  of  the  Japanese  judicial  system  con- 
tributed by  Mr.  Wickersham  to  the  American  press  and  law  journals. 

So  also  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  be  able  to  introduce  Dr.  Shepherd  to  a 
Japanese  historian  who  had  made  the  early  contact  of  the  Dutch  with  the  Japanese 
a  subject  of  special  investigation.  As  Dr.  Shepherd's  specialty  is  the  effect  of 
the  eastern  on  the  western  civilization,  and  vice  versa,  of  the  occidental  on  the 
oriental  civilization,  the  two  historians  had  the  delightful  experience  of  com- 
paring notes  independently  made  by  them  from  allied  sources. 

Turning  now  to  the  visits  of  prominent  Japanese  to  America,  the  lecture  tour 
of  Dr.  Inazo  Nitobe  among  the  American  universities  in  1911-1912  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  has  been  touched  upon. 

In  March.  1913,  the  perennial  agitation  in  California  directed  against  the 
interests  of  Japanese  residents,  took  the  form  of  two  anti- Japanese  bills  intro- 
duced in  the  California  assembly,  which  prohibited  land-ownership  to  Japanese 
subjects  and  restricted  the  right  of  lease  on  which  they  could  hold  land.  It  was 


GROWTH  OF  INTERNATIONALISM  IN  JAPAN  11 

reported  at  the  time,  and  there  is  some  justification  for  holding  that  those  meas- 
ures were  i*1  a  way  tantamount  to  a  virtual  confiscation  of  vested  patrimonial 
interests.  The  news  flashed  through  the  Pacific  cable  at  once  aroused  the 
wildest  kind  of  indignation  in  Japan.  No  one  felt  the  embarrassment  of  the 
situation  more  keenly  than  did  Dr.  Mabie,  for  this  manifestly  unfair  and  dis- 
criminatory act  against  the  interests  of  the  Japanese  people  was  about  to  be  delib- 
erately committed  by  a  State  Government  included  in  the  American  common- 
wealth at  the  time  he  was  busily  engaged  day  after  day  preaching  to  us  the 
higher  character  of  American  ideals.  If  we  could  follow  the  secrets  of  the 
subconscious  human  mind,  we  should  undoubtedly  find  that  this  circumstance  was 
responsible  more  than  anything  else  for  making  Dr.  Mabie  such  a  powerful 
exponent  of  the  principle  of  federal  control  over  the  acts  of  individual  States  that 
unfavorably  affect  the  foreign  relations  of  the  United  States. 

The  appeal  from  the  Japanese  residents  of  California  was  so  insistent 
and  the  excitement  of  the  public  opinion  of  Japan  so  great,  that  the  political 
parties,  the  Christian  organizations  and  the  business  interests  of  Japan,  all 
decided  to  send  representative  men  to  California  to  counsel  moderation  and  to 
give  comfort  to  the  compatriots  who  appeared  to  be  made  the  object  of  economic 
persecution.  At  the  same  time  such  men  sent  from  Japan  could  study  the  situa- 
tion on  the  spot  and  report  upon  the  causes  of  the  perennial  outbursts  of  anti- 
Japanese  sentiment  and  point  out  the  way  to  the  possible  solution  of  the 
difficulty. 

With  such  an  object  in  view,  Mr.  Soroku  Ebara,  then  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  and  later  of  the  House  of  Peers  of  the  Imperial 
Diet,  was  selected  by  the  Seiyukai,  or  the  Constitutional  party  which  has  been 
dominant  in  the  domestic  politics  of  Japan  for  fully  a  decade.  The  Kokuminto, 
or  the  National  party,  which  though  always  in  the  minority  is  distinguished  by 
the  solidarity  of  its  members,  dispatched  later  Ayao  Hattori,  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  who  unfortunately  succumbed  to  an  attack  of  illness 
in  San  Francisco  as  he  was  about  to  return  to  this  country  at  the  conclusion 
of  his  tour.  Mr.  Kuniosuke  Yamamoto,  Secretary  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  of  Tokio,  was  sent  by  that  organization  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  business  men  of  Tokio  who  had  organized  themselves  into  an  associa- 
tion for  the  purpose  of  studying  American-Japanese  relations,  sent  Dr.  Juichi 
Soyeda,  a  distinguished  political  economist  who  was  at  one  time  Vice-Minister 
of  Finance  and  later  the  President  of  the  Industrial  bank  of  Japan,  accompanied 
by  an  expert  familiar  with  the  conditions  of  Japanese  emigration.  All  these 
parties  left  for  San  Francisco  in  May,  1913,  and  returned  to  Japan  before  the 
year  closed. 

In  August,  1913,  Dr.  M.  Anesaki,  Professor  of  the  History  of  Religions  in 
the  Imperial  University  at  Tokio,  left  Japan  for  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  to 


12  CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE 

take  the  chair  then  founded  in  Harvard  University  on  Japanese  Literature  and 
Life.  The  lectures  which  the  Japanese  Professor  of  Harvard  gave  in  the  aca- 
demic year  1913-1914,  and  is  now  giving  in  the  same  university,  include  such 
interesting  subjects  as  Shinto  and  the  tribal  system  in  prehistoric  times,  the 
introduction  of  Buddhism  and  its  establishment  in  Japan,  her  age  of  pomp 
and  splendor,  the  new  religious  agitations  and  struggles,  peace  and  order  during 
the  Tokugawa  Shogunate,  and  the  progress  and  problems  of  the  new  era  of 
Imperial  restoration.  Besides  the  courses  of  the  so-called  general  lectures,  Dr. 
Anesaki  is  giving  special  lectures  on  the  schools  of  religious  and  philosophical 
thought  in  Japan,  and  their  connection  with  those  of  India  and  China.  I  may 
be  pardoned  for  committing  an  indiscretion,  if  I  venture  to  quote  a  paragraph 
from  a  private  letter  lately  received  by  me  from  the  President  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. Dr.  Lowell  says : 

It  has  been  a  great  pleasure  to  have  Professor  Anesaki  among  us  here. 
Everybody  admires  and  likes  him,  and  he  seems  to  fall  in  with  our  ways 
so  naturally. 

Surely  no  better  testimonial  is  needed  to  show  the  thorough  adaptability  of 
a  Japanese  professor  or  to  demonstrate  the  brotherhood  of  human  culture. 

With  a  similar  object  to  the  missions  of  Mr.  Ebara,  Mr.  Hattori,  Mr.  Yama- 
moto  and  Dr.  Soyeda,  Rev.  Kakichi  Tsunashima,  Pastor  of  a  Congregational 
church  in  Tokio,  was  sent  by  the  Christians  of  Japan  to  the  United  States,  where 
he  traveled  extensively  in  1914;  he  was  in  France  at  the  time  of  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  in  Europe. 

The  lecture  tour  undertaken  by  Professor  Shosuke  Sato,  the  Dean  of  the 
College  of  Agriculture  of  the  North  Eastern  Imperial  University  of  Japan,  as  the 
second  Exchange  Professor  from  Japan  accredited  to  the  Carnegie  Endowment,  is 
still  fresh  in  your  memory.  He  left  Japan  on  December  14,  1913,  and  returned 
in  August,  1914,  after  giving  lectures  on  Japan's  progress  in  the  last  fifty  years 
in  eighteen  American  universities  and  a  few  other  institutions  of  learning.  It 
would  be  idle  to  attempt  to  make  an  estimate  in  this  report  of  the  effect  which 
his  lectures  produced  in  America;  but  there  can  be  no  question  that  his  high 
scholarship,  coupled  with  his  charming  personality,  abundantly  justified  his  selec- 
tion as  an  exchange  professor. 

In  February,  1914,  I  was  requested  by  Mr.  Naoichi  Masaoka  to  contribute 
an  article  to  a  book  he  was  about  to  publish  with  a  view  to  showing  the  sentiment 
of  the  leaders  of  public  opinion  in  this  country  toward  America.  The  shortness 
of  the  time  allowed  for  the  preparation  of  the  article,  taken  with  the  fact  that 
this  invitation  came  at  a  time  when  my  professional  duties  were  particularly 
onerous,  prevented  me  from  acceding  to  his  request.  The  contributors,  however, 
were  lacking  neither  in  number  nor  in  the  sterling  worth  of  their  character. 


GROWTH  OF  INTERNATIONALISM  IN  JAPAN  13 

Thus  a  significant  book  entitled  Japan  to  America,  being  a  "symposium  of 
papers  by  political  leaders  and  representative  citizens  of  Japan  on  conditions 
in  Japan  and  on  the  relations  between  Japan  and  the  United  States,"  edited  by 
Mr.  Naoichi  Masaoka,  appeared  in  New  York  in  November,  1914,  with  an 
introduction  by  Mr.  Lindsay  Russell,  President  of  the  Japan  Society. 

It  remains  to  add  to  the  survey  of  the  recent  international  movements  of 
Japan  the  fact  that  Dr.  Jinzo  Naruse,  President  of  the  Women's  University  of 
Tokio,  made  a  tour  of  America  and  Europe  in  1912-1913,  with  a  view  to  enlist 
the  sympathies,  and  if  possible  the  cooperation,  of  the  leaders  of  thought  in  the 
countries  of  occidental  civilization  in  the  work  of  the  Association  Concordia  of 
Japan.  He  found  a  large  body  of  sympathizers  both  in  America  and  in  Great 
Britain,  who  in  consequence  of  his  visits  have  organized  a  British  Association 
Concordia  and  an  American  Association  Concordia. 

The  object  of  the  visit  of  Rev.  J.  T.  Sunderland  to  Japan,  China  and  India, 
was  to  arrange  for  the  meetings  and  receptions  of  the  World's  Congress  of 
Religions,  the  original  itinerary  of  which  was  to  commence  on  November  1,  1914. 
when  the  American  participants  were  to  sail  from  Boston,  and  to  terminate  with 
the  Congress  meetings  to  be  held  at  San  Francisco,  in  April,  1915.  Owing  to 
the  war  in  Europe,  the  proposed  meetings,  to  commence  at  London  and  proceed 
eastward  through  Constantinople,  Jerusalem,  Cairo,  etc.,  as  far  as  Tokio  and 
San  Francisco,  have  been  postponed  sine  die. 

President  Harry  Pratt  Judson,  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  was  also  a 
visitor  to  Japan  in  1914.  While  his  sojourn  in  Japan  was  brief,  the  members  of 
the  Association  Concordia  had  an  opportunity  to  find  in  him  a  warm  sympathizer 
of  their  movement. 

These  isolated  facts  which  I  have  attempted  to  enumerate  in  a  more  or  less 
coordinated  form,  are  but  the  reminder  of  the  fact  that  the  welding  of  the  East 
and  the  West  is  going  on  with  an  acceleration  hitherto  unknown.  The  world 
may  not  become  homogeneous ;  but  it  will  be  wrought  into  a  mass  of  which  the 
constituent  elements  are  susceptible  of  appreciation  and  sympathy  toward  one 
another.  The  process  of  internationalization  is  more  profound  than  can  be 
touched  upon  by  the  adjustment  of  mere  political  or  economic  problems  between 
States. 

A  description  of  the  internationalizing  tendencies  by  which  Japan  has  been 
affected  would  not  be  complete  without  paying  tribute  to  the  memory  of  two 
men  we  have  recently  lost.  Rev.  D.  Crosby  Greene,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  who  had 
devoted  more  than  forty  years  of  his  life  to  the  cultivation  of  deeper  sympathies 
between  the  peoples  of  Japan  and  of  occidental  civilization,  died  in  the  autumn 
of  1913.  Henry  Willard  Denison,  legal  adviser  to  the  Government  of  Japan 
and  a  member  of  the  International  Court  of  Arbitration  of  The  Hague,  died 
in  the  summer  of  1914.  Mr.  Denison  came  to  Japan  from  Washington,  D.  C, 


14  CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE 

in  a  junior  capacity  attached  to  the  United  States  consulate  at  Yokohama,  at 
a  time  when  vestiges  of  feudalism  were  still  discernible  in  the  customs  and 
practices  of  official  Japan.  Upon  the  change  of  administration  in  Washington, 
he  resigned  his  official  position  and  established  himself  in  the  practice  of  the  law 
at  Yokohama.  As  consular  jurisdiction  was  then  in  full  swing,  he  was  peculiarly 
well  qualified  to  practice  before  consular  courts.  Away  back  in  the  seventies  the 
Japanese  Government  took  him  into  its  service,  and  found  in  him  a  public  servant 
of  sterling  value  and  unfaltering  loyalty.  While  he  retained  his  American  citi- 
zenship to  the  end,  it  was  said  of  him  that  in  patriotism  for  Japan  he  was  second 
to  none  of  the  great  contemporaneous  statesmen  of  this  country. 

I  have  now  traced  the  progress  of  those  events  in  Japan  in  recent  years, 
which  in  the  words  of  my  colleague  of  Berlin,  Professor  Paszkowski,  may  be 
termed  "international  progress."  The  criticism  which  would  naturally  be  raised 
against  the  use  of  this  happy  phrase  in  connection  with  such  events,  would  be 
that  I  am  using  the  word  "international"  as  if  it  were  synonymous  with  the 
expression,  "Americo- Japanese."  The  fact  is  that  from  the  sociological  point 
of  view,  as  distinguished  from  the  political  aspect,  the  international  relations  of 
Japan  are  in  no  case  more  important  than  those  with  the  United  States.  Today 
Japan  is  at  war  with  Germany;  but  who  talks  of  the  future  relations  of  this 
Empire  with  Germany?  It  has  been  reported  in  the  press  that  Germans  only 
hate  Britishers,  while  they  despise  Japanese.  With  calm  indifference,  we  are 
accepting  Teutonic  wrath,  and  no  one  cares  whether  Germans  hate  or  love  us. 
This  supreme  indifference  is  engendered  by  the  fact  that  the  Germans,  once 
dislodged  from  their  stronghold  at  Kiao-chau,  are  nowhere  near  us.  The  whole 
continent  of  Asia,  with  nearly  one-half  of  Europe  added,  lies  between  them  and 
us.  Not  so  with  the  Americans.  They  are  our  neighbors,  for  means  of  rapid 
and  safe  transportation  have  banished  from  our  minds  the  sense  of  distance. 
One  goes  to  bed  comfortably  in  a  Pullman  car  in  Washington,  to  wake  up  the 
next  morning  in  New  York  or  Boston.  There  is  that  same  sense  of  comfort  and 
security  when  a  solitary  Japanese  lady,  unaccustomed  to  the  risks  and  hardships 
of  voyage,  walks  up  a  gang-plank  to  a  Pacific  liner  moored  at  the  customs  docks 
at  Yokohama  and  proceeds  on  a  journey  to  join  her  husband  in  San  Francisco 
or  New  York. 

The  political  relations  of  Japan  with  Great  Britain  are  very  important, 
for  the  Anglo- Japanese  alliance  has  formed  the  corner-stone  of  Japan's  diplomacy 
during  the  last  twelve  years.  Nevertheless  there  is  no  exchange  of  professor- 
ships between  England  and  Japan.  Nor  is  there  a  chair  of  Japanese  literature, 
art  or  religion  in  Cambridge  or  Oxford  filled  by  a  Japanese  professor. 

In  the  series  of  letters  addressed  by  me  to  the  acting  Director  of  the 
Division  of  Intercourse  and  Education  shortly  after  my  appointment  as  Special 
Correspondent  from  January,  1912,  I  have  repeatedly  suggested  that  the  180th 


GROWTH  OF  INTERNATIONALISM  IN  JAPAN  15 

degree  east  or  west  of  Greenwich,  where  a  passenger  gained  or  lost  a  day  accord- 
ing as  he  traveled  eastward  or  westward,  was  the  meeting  point  of  the  eastern 
and  western  movements  of  the  human  races.  Your  forebears  sailing  westward 
from  Europe,  established  themselves  on  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  crossed  the 
Alleghanies,  followed  the  valleys  of  the  Mississippi,  traversed  the  immense 
prairies  of  the  Middle  West,  climbed  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  founded  flour- 
ishing commonwealths  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  Our  forebears,  wherever 
may  be  the  land  of  their  origin,  moved  eastward,  subjugating  tribes  found  on 
their  way  until  the  Pacific  Ocean  rolled  before  them. 

The  eastern  and  the  western  civilizations  embodied  in  the  eastward  and 
westward  movements  of  human  races  have  now  met.  The  so-called  Japanese 
problem  of  California  is  but  one  phase  of  the  social  evolution  to  which  this 
contact  of  the  East  and  the  West  has  given  rise.  Today  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
the  intermingling  of  the  East  and  the  West  is  taking  place  without  excitement 
or  comment  of  any  kind. 

The  donor  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  fund  has  requested  you  to  admin- 
ister the  same  for  the  purpose  of  "hastening  the  abolition  of  international  war," 
and  to  "help  man  in  his  glorious  ascent  onward  and  upward."  Your  relations 
with  Europe  are  now  a  hundredfold  more  important  than  your  relations  with 
Japan;  but  in  your  westward  relations  the  secret  of  your  future  history  lies. 
Mr.  Roosevelt  with  prophetic  vision  has  declared  that  the  age  of  the  Atlantic 
is  drawing  toward  its  close,  and  the  age  of  the  Pacific  is  dawning  upon  the  history 
of  mankind. 

The  internationalism  which  is  deeper  than  the  fraternization  of  different 
political  units  of  affiliated  races  is  the  real  internationalism. 

In  the  wise  adjustment  of  the  sociological  problems  arising  out  of  the  con- 
tact of  the  two  peoples  inhabiting  the  opposite  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
rests  in  large  measure  the  happiness  and  welfare  of  human  races,  for  those  peo- 
ples represent  the  vanguard  of  great  human  movements  which  were  started  in 
opposite  direction  in  prehistoric  times. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

T.  MIYAOKA 
TOKIO,  February  5,  1915. 


Y  OF  CALIFORNIA, 

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